In the east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south, receiving the waters of Rut, Bc, Ichel, Botna. The history of Slavic languages has undergone periods of significant change and significant development, as well as times of decline, leaving behind many fascinating dialects along the way. [12] Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, and the Association Trio. W.Slavic includes languages such as Czech , Polish and Slovak . [207] Almost all the population is literate: the literacy rate of the population aged 15 and over is estimated at 99.4% (as of 2015[update]). . Greeks, Armenians, Poles, Ukrainians, although not numerous, were present as early as the 17th century, and have contributed cultural marks. [140], Phytogeographically, Moldova is split between the East European Plain and the PonticCaspian steppe of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. [43] During this time there were anti-Semitic riots, leading to an exodus of thousands of Jews to the United States.[44]. [127] On 23 June 2022, Moldova was officially granted candidate status by EU leaders.[128]. It does not have nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological weapons. There are 16 state and 15[201] private institutions of higher education in Moldova, with a total of 126,100 students, including 104,300 in the state institutions and 21,700 in the private ones. The urbanization rate was 69.9%. 20 February Sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, Moldova emerged as an independent republic following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The theme of the musical group is "Anonymous" as they perform with painted faces, hoodies and sunglasses. Slavic and other cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture by adopting and maintaining some of the traditions of its neighbours and of . After the Romanian army occupied the region in early January 1918 at the request of the National Council, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia on February 6[O.S. Today, Moldova is the poorest country in Europe. [27] The Bolohoveni disappeared from written chronicles after they were defeated in 1257 by Daniel of Galicia. [64] The motives behind this move were fear of the rise of nationalism in Moldova. Cum a evoluat economia Republicii Moldova n ultimii 20 de ani. The Moldovans, Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture , 2000. The Republic of Moldova was ranked 64th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 58th in 2019. 6 Moldova is a parliamentary representative democratic republic and its official language is Moldovan, a variety of Romanian. The signing came after the accord was drafted in Vilnius in November 2013. The East Slavic Hypatian Chronicle (13th century) mentions the Bolohoveni people, who resided on the eastern fringes of Moldovan territory and in the Rus' principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kyiv; their ethnic origin is disputed by historians. [217], Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the country has seen a decrease in spending on health care and, as a result, the tuberculosis incidence rate in the country has grown. The heaviest rainfall occurs in early summer and again in October; heavy showers and thunderstorms are common. [20], The name Moldova is derived from the Moldova River (German: Moldau); the valley of this river served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. All independent organizations were severely reprimanded, with the National Patriotic Front leaders being sentenced in 1972 to long prison terms. "[133] Moldova "has made noteworthy progress on religious freedom since the era of the Soviet Union, but it can still take further steps to foster diversity," said the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief Heiner Bielefeldt, in Chiinu, in September 2011. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a growing US$5 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the separatist Transnistria region. [149] Moldova is currently interested in expanding their wisent population, and began talks with Belarus in 2019 regarding a bison exchange program between the two countries. [227], Most retail businesses close on New Year's Day and Independence Day, but remain open on all other holidays. Natalia squeezed into the final by a very small margin. [200] More than 2.0% of the population is Protestant including a growing number of Jehovah's Witnesses, 0.9% belongs to other religions, 1.0% is non-religious, 0.4% is atheist, and 2.2% did not answer the religion question at the census. Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. While the region of Transnistria was never politically part of the Principality of Moldavia, there were sizable areas which were owned by Moldavian boyars or the Moldavian rulers. [96] On 6 August 2021, the Natalia Gavrilia-led cabinet was sworn in to office with 61 votes, all from the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS). Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2013 due to increased agriculture production, to economic policies adopted by the Moldovan government since 2009, and to the receipt of EU trade preferences connecting Moldovan products to the world's largest market. Moldova is a country in Eastern Europe, north of the Balkans, surrounded by Romania to the southwest, across the Prut river, and Ukraine to the northeast. . Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. [87], In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government called a "national red code alert" as the number of coronavirus cases in the country rose to six on 13 March 2020. In 1946, as a result of a severe drought and excessive delivery quota obligations and requisitions imposed by the Soviet government, the southwestern part of the USSR suffered from a major famine. [18] However, the strip of Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. This Slavic name is derived from the word for spruce or fir (trees) with the last part, "ova", being a reference to ownership. But there live also about 30% of Russians, Ucraineans and some smaller minorities which are non-slavic. In 20012003, relations between Moldova and Russia improved, but then temporarily deteriorated in 20032006, in the wake of the failure of the Kozak memorandum, culminating in the 2006 wine exports crisis. [e] The Moldavian proportion of the population decreased from an estimated 86% in 1816,[42] to around 52% in 1905. To bridge this gap with respect to paternal lineages, we analyzed 37 binary and 17 multiallelic (STRs) polymorphisms on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome in . A strong Western European influence in Moldovan literature and arts was prevalent in the 19th century. [citation needed]. On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. [94] Parliamentary elections took place on 11 July 2021. [176], As of the 2014 census, Moldovans were the largest ethnic group of Moldova (75.1% of the population). The summers are warm and long, with temperatures averaging about 20C (68F) and the winters are relatively mild and dry, with January temperatures averaging 4C (25F). This makes for a total of 1,682 localities in Moldova, two of which are uninhabited.[137]. Moldova has a rich historical and cultural heritage, which may be reflected in the current genetic makeup of its population. Olympic medalists include Sergei Mureiko, Oleg Moldovan, Vitalie Gruac, Veaceslav Gojan, and Serghei Tarnovschi. In February, Moldova, a country of 3.5 million squeezed between Ukraine and Romania, held an inconclusive parliamentary election. Like Poland, the country has seen its population decline since the fall of communism. [63] The Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova is assessing the activity of the communist totalitarian regime. [78] The large scale of the fraud compared to the size of the Moldovan economy is cited as tilting the country's politics in favour of the pro-Russian Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova. [97] She resigned on 10 February 2023.[98][99]. [54] Uprisings against Romanian rule took place in 1919 at Khotyn and Bender, but were eventually suppressed by the Romanian Army. In line with FSAP recommendations, significant weaknesses in the legal and regulatory frameworks must be urgently addressed to ensure stability and soundness of the financial sector. [92] The parliament, dominated by pro-Russian Socialists, did not accept any Prime Minister candidate proposed by the new president. Romanian forces, working with the Germans, deported or massacred about 300,000 Jews[citation needed], including 147,000 from Bessarabia and Bukovina. [202][203][204][205], As of 2015[update], Romania allocates 5,000 scholarships in high schools and universities for Moldovan students. Soon after, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR, MSSR) was established,[55] comprising about 65% of Bessarabia, and 50% of the now-disbanded Moldavian ASSR (the present-day Transnistria). [93] On 28 April 2021, Sandu dissolved the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova after the Constitutional Court ended Moldova's state of emergency which had been brought about by the coronavirus pandemic. Romania's border is shared with other five European countries: Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, and Ukraine. During this time, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Ottoman Turks. The Soviet Army re-captured the region in FebruaryAugust 1944, and re-established the Moldavian SSR. Three months later, on 2 March 1992, the country gained formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. Since declaring independence in 1991, Moldova has participated in UN peacekeeping missions in Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire, Sudan and Georgia. Produsul intern brut n anul 2012, date actualizate, Produsul intern brut n Republica Moldova n anul 2013, date actualizate, Economia Moldovei a nregistrat o crestere de 4,6%, n 2014, i constituie 111 miliarde de lei, "Economia Republicii Moldova, n SCDERE n 2015; Ultimele cifre de la Statistic", "BNS: Economia Republicii Moldova a crescut cu 4,5% n anul 2017", "Salariului mediu lunar pe economie in anul 2018 este de 6150 lei / Editorial / Monitorul fiscal FISC.md", "INS: Salariul mediu pe economie, n cretere n iunie", " 2018 ! was colonized with Slavic settlers who farmed wheat on its grasslands and became the epicenter of the country's . [citation needed], Despite a sharp decline in poverty in recent years, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe and structural reforms are needed to promote sustainable growth. Three parties the pro-Russian Socialist Party, the. Russia has about 1,500 soldiers stationed in breakaway Transnistria. Moldova has achieved a substantial degree of fiscal consolidation in recent years, but this trend is now reversing. If you look at Slavic languages, there is a decent degree of mutual intelligibility, especially from languages that border each other. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. The NDSMoldova (National Development System) 2020, which was published in November 2012, focuses on several critical areas to boost economic development and reduce poverty. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, a Bessarabian parliament, Sfatul rii (a National Council), was elected in OctoberNovember 1917 and opened on December 3[O.S. [61] In the 1970s and 1980s, the Moldavian SSR received substantial allocations from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial and scientific facilities and housing. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace programme, Moldova is also a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. country comparison to the world: 35 Nationality noun: Ukrainian (s) adjective: Ukrainian Ethnic groups With a per capita GNI of $3,540, Ukraine is the poorest country in Europe as of 2020. In April 2010, Romania offered Moldova development aid worth of 100 million while the number of scholarships for Moldovan students doubled to 5,000. Trnt (a form of wrestling) is the national sport in Moldova. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the name of the current Republic of Moldova was also spelled Moldavia. Total recorded adult alcohol consumption is approximately evenly split between spirits, beer and wine. Flights were banned to Spain, Italy, France, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Germany, Ireland, the U.K., Poland, Portugal and Romania. 28 February 2023. [217] Health expenditure was US$138 (PPP) per capita in 2004. [35][non-primary source needed] Many Moldavians were members of Cossacks units, with two of them, Ioan Potcoav and Dnil Apostol becoming hetmans of Ukraine. Shipping on the lower Prut and Nistru rivers plays only a modest role in the country's transportation system. Because of the irregular terrain, heavy summer rains often cause erosion and river silting. According to Moldovan constitutional law, the president may call snap elections if no government is formed after three months. The highest temperature ever recorded in Moldova was 41.5C (106.7F) on 21 July 2007 in Camenca. According to the 2014 census preliminary data, 2,998,235 inhabitants lived in Moldova (within the areas controlled by the central government), an 11.3% decrease from the figure recorded at the 2004 census. [105], On 31 October 2022, Moldova's Interior Ministry said that debris from a Russian missile landed in the northern village of Naslavcea after a Russian fusillade was intercepted by air defenses in neighboring Ukraine. language is a Romance language with Latin roots but with significant Slavic influences. Investigations into activities at these three banks uncovered large-scale fraud by means of fraudulent loans to business entities controlled by a Moldovan-Israeli business oligarch, Ilan Shor, of funds worth about 1 billion U.S. They were considered a characteristic animal of Scythia in antiquity. [76] After the Alliance for European Integration lost a no confidence vote, the Pro-European Coalition was formed on 30 May 2013.[77]. Mircea Snegur was elected as Speaker of the Parliament, and Mircea Druc as Prime Minister. With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Winning 49.9% of the vote, the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (reinstituted in 1993 after being outlawed in 1991), gained 71 of the 101 MPs, and on 4 April 2001, elected Vladimir Voronin as the country's third president (re-elected in 2005). Moldova is a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic. The dog's name, given to the river, extended to the principality.[22]. [18] Miletii Mici is the home of the largest wine cellar in the world. After the constitutional referendum aimed to approve the reform failed in September 2010,[73] the parliament was dissolved again and a new parliamentary election was scheduled for 28 November 2010. Crossing the Carpathian mountains in 1359, the voivode took control of Moldavia and succeeded in creating Moldavia as an independent political entity. Moldova's capital and largest city is Chiinu. The main transmission channels through which adverse exogenous shocks could impact the Moldovan economy are remittances (also due to potentially returning migrants), external trade, and capital flows. The political crisis that broke out in early 2013 was resolved with the appointment of a government supported by a pro-European center-right/center coalition in May 2013. [191][192] The Constitution of 1994 stated that the national language of the Republic of Moldova was Moldovan, and its writing is based on the Latin alphabet. when Bulgaro-Kutrigur and Serbo-Croatian South Slavs settled in Moldova. Economic activity grew cumulatively by about 24 percent; consumer price inflation was brought under control; and real wages increased cumulatively by about 13 percent. Poland (38+ million) and Ukraine (45+ million) round out the top three highest Slav populations in the world. Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, corruption, higher fuel prices, Russian pressure, and the separatist regime in Moldova's Transnistria region. [45] On April 9[O.S. [224], Moldovan cuisine is similar to neighbouring Romania, and has been influenced by elements of Russian, Turkish, and Ukrainian cuisine. Under Stephen I, growing Polish influence was challenged by Sigismund of Hungary, whose expedition was defeated at Ghindoani in 1385; however, Stephen disappeared in mysterious circumstances. [59][60] In 19461947, at least 216,000 deaths and about 350,000 cases of dystrophy were accounted by historians in the Moldavian SSR alone. Gagauz, 4.4% of the population, are Christian Turkic people. The country became the first post-Soviet state where a non-reformed Communist Party returned to power. Government "banned all gatherings of over 50 people until 1 April 2020 and closed all schools and kindergartens in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus". Among most prominent classical musicians in Moldova are Maria Bieu, one of the leading world's sopranos and the winner of the Japan International Competition; pianist Mark Zeltser, winner of the USSR National Competition, Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition in Paris and Busoni Competition in Bolzano, Italy. During the periods 19401941 and 19441953, deportations of locals to the northern Urals, to Siberia, and northern Kazakhstan occurred regularly, with the largest ones on 1213 June 1941, and 56 July 1949, accounting from MSSR alone for 18,392[f] and 35,796 deportees respectively. Plans for a union with Romania were abandoned,[64] and the new Constitution gave autonomy to the breakaway Transnistria and Gagauzia. The country of Moldova has developed a fascinating and varied culture over hundreds of years, heavily influenced by European, Balkan, and Russian cultures, that has been celebrated and appreciated by both locals and tourists alike. The species was reintroduced with the arrival of three European bison from Biaowiea Forest in Poland several days before Moldova's Independence Day on 27 August 2005. [64][65] Along with several other Soviet republics, from 1988 onwards, Moldova started to move towards independence. Moldova has accepted all relevant arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union. [17] The unrecognised state of Transnistria lies across the Dniester river on the country's eastern border with Ukraine. [134] Moldova improved its legislation by enacting the Law on Preventing and Combating Family Violence, in 2008.[135]. His people from the voivodeship at Maramure soon followed. Post-Soviet . The governing body is the Moldovan Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. [193], In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the name "Romanian", as used in the Declaration of Independence to identify the official language, prevails over the name "Moldovan", given in Article 13 of the Constitution.[194]. [23] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Slavic is a group of Indo-European Languages divided into 3 sub groups ( East Slavic , West Slavic and South Slavic ) . Its subdivisions in Moldova include the Dniester Hills (Northern Moldavian Hills and Dniester Ridge), the Moldavian Plain (Middle Prut Valley and Bli Steppe), and the Central Moldavian Plateau (Ciuluc-Solone Hills, Corneti HillsCodri Massive, "Codri" meaning "forests"Lower Dniester Hills, Lower Prut Valley, and Tigheci Hills). Among Moldova's most prominent composers are Gavriil Musicescu, tefan Neaga and Eugen Doga. In 2015 a new musical project by the name of Carla's Dreams has risen in popularity around Moldova. The largest part of the country (around 88% of the area) lies in Bessarabia region, between Prut and Dniester rivers, while a narrow strip in the east is located in Transnistria (east of the Dniester). [90], In the November 2020 presidential election, the pro-European opposition candidate Maia Sandu was elected as the new president of the republic, defeating incumbent pro-Russian president Igor Dodon and thus becoming the first female elected president of Moldova. . [81], In the December 2016 presidential election, Socialist, pro-Russian Igor Dodon was elected as the new president of the republic. [171] strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia People and Society Population 43,528,136 (2022 est.) [216] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 70.42 years (66.55 years male, 74.54 years female). The economy of Moldova began to change in 2001; and until 2008, the country saw a steady annual growth between 5% and 10%. It's one of the least visited countries on the planet, which is why tourists are likely to attract lots of attention from the locals. Russian was used in relations with citizens from other parts of the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, amid political conditions created by glasnost and perestroika, a Democratic Movement of Moldova was formed, which in 1989 became known as the nationalist Popular Front of Moldova (FPM). Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria. The country acceded to the provisions of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in October 1994 in Washington, D.C. In February 1918, it declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly. [74] On 30 December 2010, Marian Lupu was elected as the Speaker of the Parliament and the acting President of the Republic of Moldova. [64][66] In 1989, as opposition to the Communist Party grew, there were major riots in November. SunStroke Project featured again in the 2017 Eurovision entry "Hey Mama" which got third place.[230]. Moldova received official recognition on 25 December. [121][full citation needed], On 29 November 2013, at a summit in Vilnius, Moldova signed an association agreement with the European Union dedicated to the European Union's 'Eastern Partnership' with ex-Soviet countries. Moldova is committed to a number of international and regional control of arms regulations such as the UN Firearms Protocol, Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan, the UN Programme of Action (PoA) and the OSCE Documents on Stockpiles of Conventional Ammunition. It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 2.2/10, ranking it 158th globally out of 172 countries. In 2012, the average age of women at first birth was 23.9 years, with 75.2% of births being to women under 30, and 22.4% of births being to unmarried women. Annual rainfall, which ranges from around 600mm (24in) in the north to 400mm (16in) in the south, can vary greatly; long dry spells are not unusual. The country finally achieved its political independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991. In 1940, as a consequence of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to the Danube Delta. [144] Excessive use of pesticides resulted in heavily polluted topsoil, and industries lacked emission controls. This union was recognized by most of the principal Allied Powers in the 1920 Treaty of Paris, which however was not ratified by all of its signatories. . [82], In 2019, from 7 to 15 June, the Moldovan government went through a period of dual power in what is known as the 2019 Moldovan constitutional crisis. 27 March]1918, the Sfatul rii decided with 86 votes for, 3 against and 36 abstaining, to unite with the Kingdom of Romania. Rugby union is popular as well. He has been dubbed "Epic Sax Guy". Moldova River According to IMF World Economic Outlook April 2014, the Moldovan GDP (PPP) per capita is 3,927 International Dollars,[167][168] excluding grey economy and tax evasion. World War I brought in a rise in political and cultural (ethnic) awareness among the inhabitants of the region, as 300,000 Bessarabians were drafted into the Russian Army formed in 1917; within bigger units several "Moldavian Soldiers' Committees" were formed. Between the first and seventh centuries AD, the south came intermittently under the control of the Roman and then the Byzantine Empires. The Moldova national football team played its first match in 1994, but never qualified to the UEFA European Championship. In 1993, the Government of Moldova introduced a new national currency, the Moldovan leu, to replace the temporary cupon. Despite being disfavored by the brief union of Angevin Poland and Hungary (the latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor Lacu, the Moldavian ruler also likely allied himself with the Poles. Moldova is one of the poorest countries in. While most of today's Moldova came into the Ottoman orbit in the 16th century, a substantial part of Transnistria remained a part of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth until the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. This system was designed to decrease executive authority in favour of the legislature. [144] The movement is national representative of the Center "Naturopa" of the Council of Europe and United Nations Environment Programme of the United Nations. Gagauz, Russian, and Ukrainian languages are granted official regional status in Gagauzia and/or Transnistria . Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations. Moldova has been an official candidate for membership in the European Union since June 2022. His brother Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled Cetatea Alb in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the Black Sea, before being toppled from the throne for supporting Fyodor Koriatovych in his conflict with Vytautas the Great of Lithuania. As of 2016, Moldova's population was slightly above 4 million people. Notably, Moldova is the country with the highest alcohol consumption per capita in world, at 15.2 litres (4.0USgal) of pure alcohol imbibed in 2016.
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